Ideological Film Analysis Essay

Social inequality and inequity are rampant cases that can be depicted on the status quo. These actually act as perpetrators of intractable crimes in our social milieu. These are indeed the catalyze for the spread pf communicable disease in the society—-disparity. And even in the game of love, these have been proven to be the barrier that creates a greater disparity among the social statuses of our society. From the film entitled Wedding Crashers, the above-mentioned scenario was clearly exemplified. Having the fact that the two guys, who act as the wedding crashers, are commoners and the family of the girls they are eying for belong to the alta sociedad, the difference between the two becomes visible. When the two wedding crashers clashed with the daughter of a family under the â€Å"spell† of political realm, the two different worlds coincide portraying the different scenarios that truly happen in the society. The story is basically about a pair of friends who work in a law firm and were involved in various cases regarding divorce. This experience made them realize what wedding can only bring to them and doing serious about it is not their plan. Thus, the hobby of being wedding crashers become the outcome of their daily experience and seducing bridesmaids turn out to be a norm in their life. Until one day the partners in crime( Jeremy Klein and John Beckwith) bumped into the reality that not all of what they are doing will just lead them to a laugh-out-loud experience and endless cycle of seducing women. The comical life they always anticipate turns out to be a big chaos that both of them do not know how to give solution into it. Never did they imagine that a wrong party they will crush into will come along their way and make them decide to stop finally what they have planned and done habitually. The dilemma comes in when they crashed into the wedding party of the daughter of the Nation’s Secretary of Treasury and finally fell in love with two of its sisters, Gloria ad Claire Cleary- a primary rule they should never break but inevitably did. Belonging to the different â€Å"faces of the society† with different class status, political ideology, sociological   background an d points of view they are believing into, the the partners   in crime necessitate to decide whether or not they should   still fight for the what they think is right or for what everyone else dictates them to be right. Taking into consideration their routinary life of cashing into the the wedding, seducing and flirting with whoever girls will be attracted to their machismo, now being crucially involved in a family dominated by political realm, the best of friends have to made a choice whether to turn their back to what their â€Å"past life† brings them and finally embrace a new life tat is absolutely different from the one they get used to because of love. But little did they know that the past they are trying to escape from will be the hindrance that will jeopardize their   way towards pursuing their love. The film conveys the social milieu we are into: the art of seduction, the different social strata, the effectual influence of family upbringing and orientation, the dilemma between sincerity, mere attraction and plain sex, and the ambiguous disparity among working classes under the influence of politics. The film may portray a comical scenario that we do encounter in   our daily life. But that is only on the superficial part. What we do not see is the   depth of the issues behind all of the laughters and funny scenes. What we do not pay attention with is actually what we need to analyze in the movie. And what we do not hear after the jokes being cracked and humorous lined being   delivered is the true orientation of the disparity in the society. Appearance must not be regarded as the sole reality. Not all we perceive as humorous in the superficial part will still be consistent with that of the details we have not encounter yet. True, the movie is funny! To crash into a wedding just to seduce women might seem just like an ordinary scene in the society. But to crash into a wedding of a high-class family belonging to a famous political icon and fell in love inevitably to its daughter is another story. The disparity in the society surreptitiously reeks everywhere. And an effective panacea for this malady only lies in our intellectual judgment and   doing away from the superficial depiction of the reality. And of course, not just mere perceiving that humorous thing cannot encounter a dilemma brought by the social inequity.

Evaluate the importance of regular exercise Essay

In recent years, the awareness of the importance of public health has increased significantly and maintaining a healthy body and mind is undoubtedly everyone’s daily wishes. Doing exercise is one of the ways to help people to fulfill their dreams as it can strengthen our body and improve our mind. The effectiveness of the aids from the state to help achieving the goal efficiently has also been put on the public’s discussion table. In this essay, will first examine the importance of exercise, following by analyzing how both Hong Kong and British government plays their role in ensuring its citizens exercise regularly and suggesting some follow-up actions. To begin with, doing exercise can help to improve our health condition and makes us stronger. Exercise can be divided into four categories: endurance, strength, balance, and flexibility which will give us benefits if we can finish them all. (Go4Life n.d.) Researches. (Mayo clinic 2014) has shown that working out will on one hand lower stress and on the other hand in reduce body fat which will makes us look fitter and healthier. Once body fat is reduced, it can also lower the blood pressure and maintain a smooth circular blood flow. Threats posed to our body due to high blood pressure can be ceased for example strokes. Moreover, exercise shows a negative relationship with depressions. Endorphin is a hormone released when doing exercise which has a positive impact on our mood by making us happier and reducing rates of depression. This shows that the more we work out, the higher the level of happiness we can gain. Endorphins will diminish the perception of pain in brain will leads to positive feelings. (WebMD 2014) Social circle can also be widened when doing exercise as some of them require team work and players will have to co-operate with each other which increases their cohesions and boost their relationships. Take playing basketball as an example, team players will  have to communicate and trust each other and pass the ball to one another so as to gain goals. Strong social support which resulted can reduce the chance of depression as ones attention has been increased. By contrast, without any work out may lead to suicide in some extreme cases. Studies done by Dhaval and Inas shows that there i s a direct relationship between overweight status, depressive disorders, and suicidal behaviors. Overweight adolescents will have a low self-esteem as they are labeled as â€Å"fat boy† which makes them having a weak self-confidence and body dissatisfaction. (Dhaval & Inas 2009) As exercising can relate to life and death issues, it proves that it is of high importance that regular exercises are needed to maintain our body health. Next, the government should also play an important role in dealing with healthcare issue of citizens. According to recent reports, (Ko 2010; Chapman 2014) both Hong Kong and Britain are facing a problem of increased death rates due to obesity. This is mainly due to the increasing personal populous and changing in lifestyle characteristics with reduced in physical activity but increase in food intake which results in chronic diseases. With reference to the Hong Kong government’s official website, it has made a step forward to tackle this problem by introducing the National Fitness Day on 8th August annually (GovHK 2010). This offers its local citizens in free of charge sporting experience in appointed sports center in 18 districts of Hong Kong for example dancing play-in, fitness corner and some fitness and health talk and workshops. Parent-child activities are also available which can promote their relationships. Through this event, it can surely arouse the publics’ att ention in doing sports and even increases their own interest in developing certain type of sports. However, British government only did limited actions in developing citizens’ sportsmanship with the exception of London Olympics 2012 (Olympic.org 2013) which reveals more Britain are dead due to overweight and obese kept increasing and the figure is even 50 percent more when comparing to France as Chapman said. It is believed the British government should take Hong Kong as a reference to ensure its citizens involve in sports more often. By introducing reward system can increase their attention in doing sports and they will be more willing to do so. Also, public sports centers with low membership fees can  also be established so as to help low income families to enjoy this entertainment in low cost. Promotions and advertisements are needed so more people will know about it and raise their awareness of it. Due to the high authority of the government, it will hopefully help to promote exercise in Britain more effectively and testify to the success of Hong Kong in promoting spo rts to its residences. In addition, citizens maintaining good health will also benefit the state. With a poor health condition, worker will result in absentee from work and will decrease the productivity of the firm. (Krol at el., 2012) During the absent period, it may be difficult for the company to find a perfectly suitable substitute as the productivity loss will be unpredictable as workers are not assigned to the right jobs. Profits will be lost and reduces the economic growth of the nation (Wei at el., 2011). Also, as mentioned earlier, suicide incidents of workers can also affect the company. Foxconn, the production factory of Apple products is one of the place where often heard of workers there committed suicide due to poor working conditions and loneness ( BBC 2010). This will in no doubt damage the reputation of the firm and affect sales. However, if there can be enough work out for the labor, they will feel less stressed and more happy to work. Unwanted accidents can be avoided. One of the main responsibilities of citizens is to contribute to the society that we should produce to the profit maximizing output to help maintaining the labor force of our place to maintain efficiency. With good health, workers are able to work more efficiently as they can perform well and show their own talents. Productivity will then increase as a result of stimulating economic growth which will benefits the society. With better economic conditions, people are able to afford their own lives and have a higher standard of living. In order to avoid ceasing production process and reducing efficiency of firms, the government to a high extent should be responsible to regulate rules to help its citizens in public health issues. However, some may argue that it is our own responsibility to stay healthy which means we should not rely on the state. Health is a long-term investment which can be determinates by ourselves and we are personally  responsible daily. Some may also say that (Sherman 2012) good health will be attained if effort is given and we prioritize it well. Long-term effort is needed so as to balance our body, mind and effort. Exercise is a personal activity which depends on the individual willingness. If the government force them to work out, they may feel discontented and conflicts between the two parties will exist. Costs will be involved in dealing with the disputes which exploits interests of them. Furthermore, people may think that they will have their own practice to maintain health for example controlling their diet such as following the food pyramid (GovHK 2012). Parents also play vital role in dealing with the health conditions of their children. Healthy lifestyle practices should be n urtured since small so they will pay more intention to that even when they grow up. In addition, supports from schools should also be given to students for example setting up more physical education classes and also extra-circular activities related to sports so as to increase their amount of physical exercise. It is undouble that teaching from parents to their children is the most effective way to convey the idea of health to them as most children tend to listen to their parents more than anyone else. Therefore some believe that it is not the state’s responsibility and it should not intervene with people’s daily routines. To conclude, although some people may be dissatisfied if the government meddle with their exercise pattern, it is of paramount importance which the state should be responsible to deal with the health issues of its citizens as this is one of its responsibilities. If the state help to preserve the public’s exercising rhythm, it can reduce the disease-related problems and it is much easier for the state to intervene due to its high authority. At the same time, it will also bring positive impacts like increasing productivity which benefits the society. As a result, to a large extent the state should help in ensuring its citizens exercise regularly in order to maintain a good health. Reference List 1. Blanch, B, 2010. Foxconn suicides: ‘Workers feel quite lonely’. BBC online, [online] 28 May 2010. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10182824> [16 May 2014]. 2. Chapman, J, 2014. Britain’s obesity death rate. [online] Available at: [Accessed 04 May 2014] 3. Dhaval, D and Inas, R., 2009. Overweight status, self-perception, and suicidal behaviors among adolescents. Social Science & Medicine, [e-journal]. 68(9) Available through: Lancaster University Library website [Accessed 15 February 2014]. 4. Go4Life n.d., 4 Types of Exercise. [online] Available at: [Accessed 12 May 2014] 5. GovHK, 2010. Sport For All Day† on August 8 promotes benefits of regular exercise. [online] Available at: [Accessed 10 6. GovHK, 2012. The Food Pyramid -A Guide to a Balanced Diet. [online] Available at:< http://www.cheu.gov.hk/eng/info/exercise_07.htm> [Accessed 10 May 2014] 7. Krol, M ; Brouwer, W ; Severens, J ; Kaper, J ; Evers, S., 2002. Productivity cost calculations in health economic evaluations: Correcting for compensation mechanisms and multiplier effects. Social Science & Medicine, [e-journal] Abstract only. Available through: Lancaster University Library website < http://onesearch.lancs.ac.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?frbrVersion=5&tabs=detailsTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=TN_sciversesciencedirect_elsevierS0277-9536(12)00553-9&indx=3&recIds=TN_sciversesciencedirect_elsevierS0277-9536(12)00553-9&recIdxs=2&elementId=2&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=5&dscnt=1&scp.scps=scope%3A%2844LAN_ALMA_DS%29%2Cscope%3A%2844LAN_ML_DS%29%2Cprimo_central_multiple_fe&frbg=&tab=quicksearch&dstmp=1400453092549&srt=rank&mode=Basic&dum=true&tb=t&vl(freeText0)=absenteeism%20productivity&vid=LUL_VU1> [Accessed12 May 2014]. 8. Ko, G, 2010. Obesity in Hong Kong – Risk and Burden. [online] Available at: [Accessed 15 May 2014] 9. MAYO Clinic, 2014. Exercise: 7 benefits of regular physical activity. [online] Available at: < http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/fitness/in-depth/exercise/art-20048389> [ Accessed 10 May 2014] 10. Olympic.org, 2013. London 2012. [online] Available at: [Accessed 14 May 2014] 11. Sherman, S, 2012. Healing, Health and Self-responsibility. [online] Available at: [Accessed 11 May 2014] 12. WebMD, 2014. Exercise and Depression. [online] Available at: [Accessed 14 February 2014]. 13. Zhang, W ; Bansback, N and Aslam H.A.,2011. Measuring and valuing productivity loss due to poor health: A critical review. Social Science & Medicine, [e-journal] 72(2), 185-192. Available through Lancaster University Library website [15 May 2014]

Employee motivation in Apple corpotation

This essay was written on Employee motivation in Apple company. I pointed out couple motivation theories that were developed in order to show people the ways of motivating. First and base theory is Maslow’s hierarchy pyramid then there are Equity theories and Two factor theory. The most popular and efficient motivation theory is goal seeking motivation theory. This theory was made in order to motivate staff to seek new opportunities how to solve a problems or reach their goals. In the second part I introduced the apple company and their motivation standards and behaviour.I applied the rest of theories that i picked for this essay and company. Some motivation strategies were already a part of this company but some were not. As far as some motivations are part of ourselves. How do we react and what do we do to make ourselves better. Apple Inc. is one of the most developing company in human resources and management. In the first part of my essay I would like to point out couple t heories that are often mentioned by many people as a main motivation at work.In second part I will apply theese mentioned theories to an Apple company in order to compare and evaulate the difference of their processing motivation standards and theories of employee and human motivation. Employee motivation is one of the main concernes of corporations theese days because of the main focus of employees on what can employer offer for my hard and efficient work. How do they motivate in order to reach higher standards and profits. What if I create a great added value for the company and they treat me the same without any bonus or raised wage? Same questions but in different ways has our future employer.Company theese days need mature, efficient, motivated and high-performance employees. Since the business has taken place on our planet. Came up a question? How do I motivate people? So now I am going to mention couple theories that are most likely often used by companies to motivate their e mployees. Motivation forces within the individual forces that account for the direction, level, and persistence of a person’s effort expended at work. Direction is the way where you channel your motivation. How do you apply the motivation. Then there is a level of motivation that meassures how much effort someone puts in motivating staff.Motivating persistence is the length of time a person or manager sticks with a given action. How long does it take to reach a goal. Types of motivation theories Content theories Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory Abraham Maslow first inctroduction of his theory took place in 1943 paper „A Theory of Human Motivationâ€Å". There are basically five levels of what humans need. Some are more important than others but basically follows a flow of certain needs that needs to be satisfied first before you can worry about other needs. The Maslow’s theory is often displayed as a Pyramid of needs.The bottom of the pyramid are the pr imary human needs (Psychological) such as breathing, eating, sleeping, drinking water, sexual needs. Second floor of the pyramid also known as secondary needs are safety needs which means security of our body, health, the family or our employment. Third floor is named Love or belonging this floor includes friendship, family and sexual intimacy. Fourth floor of pyramid is called Esteem it covers self esteem, confidence,achievemtn, respect of others. Fifth floor is self actualization, this top of the pyramid is made of morality, creativity,spontaneity,problem solving.Another theory is Acquired need theory. Need for achievement. The desire to do something better or more efficiently, to solve problems, or to master complex tasks. Need for affiliation. The desire to estamblish and maintain friendly and warm relations with others. Need for power. The desire to control others, to influence their behaviour or to be responsible for others. Two factor theory also known as Herzberg’s mo tivation-hygiene theory and dual-factor theory was developed by Frederick Herzberg in 1959. Herzberg in study of individual needs and motivation developed this theory.The theory identifies two different factors as primary causes of job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction. Hygiene factors Sources of job dissatisfaction that can be found in context of our job or in the work we got set. Job dissatisfaction occurs when hygiene factors are poor. Improving the hygiene factors only decreases job dissatisfaction doesn‘t make profit in sales or financial sphere. Motivator factors Sources of job satisfaction to job content. Presence or absence of satisfiers or motivators in people’s jobs is the key to satisfaction, motivation, and performance.If we want to build more motivator factors in the job content we call it a job enrichment. Equity theory was developed by John Stacey Adams in 1963 this theory means that any percieved inequity becomes a motivating state of mind. Foundation of equity is based on social comparison. People are motivated to behave in ways that restore or maintain equity in situations. Individual outcomes and individual efforts must be equal to other’s outcomes and other’s efforts then equity is in place once the equality comes outbounced then inequity can occur. Equity theory prediction: Felt negative inequityIndividual feels thath he has recieved relatively less than others in proportion to work inputs. Felt positive inequity Individual feels that he has recieved relatively more than others have. Equity restoration behaviours. Reduce work inputs Change the outcomes reciever Leave the situation Change the comparison points Psychologically distort things Try to change the efforts of the comparison person Organizational justice How fairly and equitably people see the practices of their workplace at the time. Every employees motivation is a multiplicative function of valence, expectancy and instrumentality.Goal seeking theory motivation was developed by Edwin A. Locke in the middle of 1960’s. Goal setting The process of developing, negotiating, and formalizing the targets or objectives that a person is responsible for accomplishing. Difficult goals are leading to more efficient and lasting performance than low goals. Specific goals are leading to a slightly raising performance than vague or giving ourselves a general goal. Feedback more likely task feedback is motivating people to produce a higher performance by setting of higher performance and more sophisticated goals.Goals are leading to higher performance when people have the abilities and the feelings of self-efficacy required to accomplish them. Goals are motivating people toward higher performance when they are accepted by the individual, and there is commitment ot them. Management by objectives (MBO) Process of joint goal setting between a supervisor and a subordinate. Firstly I would like to briefly introduce the Apple company and then th eir standards in staff motivation in progress. Apple was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne in 1976 in order to develop and sell PC’s.Steve Jobs died in 2011. He was the main engine of Apple Inc. and he showed them the way they should go in the future. Even though he had a cancer he was a fighter and solver. Apple Inc. and employee motivation and relationships. Apple shows the world its greatness for a period of time now. They are leading electronics market worldwide. And firstly I might want to point out the negative part of suppliers behaviour. Since the supplier’s employees are not an Apple’s employees they dont care about unethical behaviour in their suppliers factories in China or India.Particulary in China-Chenzen there is a supplier of many electronic selling brands called Foxconn. Foxconn employs about 500. 000 employees. And the suicide rate is about 60 employees per year. That is alarming number. But for worldwide leading companies t hat sells electronics it’s just a good business of low cost makeing of their product and high profit by selling it to consumer. This is the main issues of almost every corporation that founds it’s place or cooperates with already existing factories with employee base. While the economy is flowishing they expand to other socialy low parts of China or India.Employees at Foxconn for example are 12 old children that work from 12 to 16 hours a day. So in 2013 Apple Inc. which was making almost 70% of their devices in Foxconn in Chenzen China has made a statement and showed the world their suppliers. Foxconn was mentioned as an problem facility that has to take steps forward to eliminate unethical behaviour. Apple wants his suppliers to set the working hours to 60 hours in 6 days that makes maximum of 10 hours a day. Only 38% of suppliers commited to this. Foxconn wasn’t one of those companies.So that was the negative experience I have with Apple impact on ethical beh aviour of the coutrnies of third world. I studied Apple Inc. since middleschool. I made many eassays and reports about their business and internal functions like staff motivation, appreciation, development. Mainly Apple was built and carried through the rough times by legendary messiah Steve Jobs. Now its Tim Cooks turn to take over the vessel and head for the goals of the number one company in the world. If you look at apples employee motivation culture you can see that the theory of goal seeking took place here as a main push factor.The pull factor was the internal share sale for employees. Employees could buy shares for the lowest price given by apple. They couldn‘t participate on meeting or participate on strategical and main decisions of the headquarters. This is ment as a kind of benefit, bonus, incentive. Apple is mainly working on the management by objectives management and goal seeking theory. They give their employees the feeling of higher good. They give them a purp ose to proceed to better performance. Often in Apple Inc. employees were scared to walk in hall ways because they could meet Steve Jobs.When someone met with him, he always asked couple questions and sometimes he fired someone spontaneously that was called „to get Steveâ€Å". So employees even though they didnt know Steve but only their supervisors were scared of him, because of his changing behaviour. There are many operating teams that are working on the same things without knowing it. Thats the main advantage of motivating them. They solve the problem, but other team solved it in a better way. Their motivation rises because of competition made betweens those teams. They are doing alot of brainstorming with their supervisors even Steve was attending those.That gives employees a chance to present their ideas and even to protest the changes or procedures taking place. If I would implement the equity theory in Apple Inc. I would say that this motivating factor is always hidde n. It’s individual need but most people do care if another person gets a higher bonus for the same work with better effort or performance. So it’s highly motivating and won’t affect the other methods of motivation. Maslow’s needs theory is already in everybody. Every person has his needs. We have the same primary needs like sleeping, eating and drinking.But others have higher goals to improve themselves for themselves and their environs. This is also very individual basic employee has different needs than a manager or owner. Another theory that i mentioned in the first part of my eassay was goal seeking motivation theory that is already in text above. Apple Inc. esxists on this type of motivation since it was developed. Even though Steve Jobs died. And the last theory mentioned is Herzbergs two factor theory based on measuring the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of employee in their workplace also know as motivator-hygiene theory.I would like to say somet hing negative about apple’s motivation procedures but I can’t because it is just brilliant. The two factor is also part of the company management. Apple Inc. is recruiting only the best of best and they benefit those people and take care of them. Those people don’t need to change employers or sell the information to media. They are satisfied and often they are strongly commited to the company. Apple is like a big happy family that profits out of its shares and company salaries.Apple Inc.  is strong company that has strict rules and motivates their staff to improve their skills and inovative thinking. They grow their own profesionals in electronics and management. Apple deserves the main position on worldwide market of electronics. They have the best design and marketing in the world. They employ thousands of people all over the world. The key strategy of Apple was always to maintain on path that Steve Jobs showed them. I hope that in the future Apple will set a standard even for their suppliers of how to behave to their employees in ethical and fair way that should be human being treated. Figure 1. 1 Employee Motivation in Apple Corpotation AbstractThis essay was written on Employee motivation in Apple company. I pointed out couple motivation theories that were developed in order to show people the ways of motivating. First and base theory is Maslow’s hierarchy pyramid then there are Equity theories and Two factor theory. The most popular and efficient motivation theory is goal seeking motivation theory. This theory was made in order to motivate staff to seek new opportunities how to solve a problems or reach their goals.In the second part I introduced the apple company and their motivation standards and behaviour. I applied the rest of theories that i picked for this essay and company. Some motivation strategies were already a part of this company but some were not. As far as some motivations are part of ourselves.How do we react and what do we do to make ourselves better. Apple Inc. is one of the most developing company in human resources and management. In the first part of my essay I would like to point out c ouple theories that are often mentioned by many people as a main motivation at work.In second part I will apply theese mentioned theories to an Apple company in order to compare and evaulate the difference of their processing motivation standards and theories of employee and human motivation.Employee motivation is one of the main concernes of corporations theese days because of the main focus of employees on what can employer offer for my hard and efficient work. How do they motivate in order to reach higher standards and profits. What if I create a great added value for the company and they treat me the same without any bonus or raised wage? Same questions but in different ways has our future employer.Company theese days need mature, efficient, motivated and high-performance employees. Since the business has taken place on our planet. Came up a question? How do I motivate people? So now I am going to mention couple theories that are most likely often used by companies to motivate t heir employees.Motivation forces within the individual forces that account for the direction, level, and persistence of a person’s effort expended at work. Direction is the way where you channel your motivation. How do you apply the motivation. Then there is a level of motivation that meassures how much effort someone puts in motivating staff.Motivating persistence is the length of time a person or manager sticks with a given action. How long does it take to reach a goal. Types of motivation theories Content theories Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory Abraham Maslow first inctroduction of his theory took place in 1943 paper „A Theory of Human Motivationâ€Å".There are basically five levels of what humans need. Some are more important than others but basically follows a flow of certain needs that needs to be satisfied first before you can worry about other needs. The Maslow’s theory is often displayed as a Pyramid of needs.The bottom of the pyramid are th e primary human needs (Psychological) such as breathing, eating, sleeping, drinking water, sexual needs. Second floor of the pyramid also known as secondary needs are safety needs which means security of our body, health, the family or our employment.Third floor is named Love or belonging this floor includes friendship, family and sexual intimacy. Fourth floor of pyramid is called Esteem it covers self esteem, confidence,achievemtn, respect of others. Fifth floor is self actualization, this top of the pyramid is made of morality, creativity,spontaneity,problem solving.Another theory is Acquired need theory. Need for achievement. The desire to do something better or more efficiently, to solve problems, or to master complex tasks. Need for affiliation. The desire to estamblish and maintain friendly and warm relations with others. Need for power.The desire to control others, to influence their behaviour or to be responsible for others. Two factor theory also known as Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory and dual-factor theory was developed by Frederick Herzberg in 1959. Herzberg in study of individual needs and motivation developed this theory.The theory identifies two different factors as primary causes of job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction. Hygiene factors Sources of job dissatisfaction that can be found in context of our job or in the work we got set. Job dissatisfaction occurs when hygiene factors are poor.Improving the hygiene factors only decreases job dissatisfaction doesn‘t make profit in sales or financial sphere. Motivator factors Sources of job satisfaction to job content. Presence or absence of satisfiers or motivators in people’s jobs is the key to satisfaction, motivation, and performance.If we want to build more motivator factors in the job content we call it a job enrichment. Equity theory was developed by John Stacey Adams in 1963 this theory means that any percieved inequity becomes a motivating state of mind. Foundatio n of equity is based on social comparison.People are motivated to behave in ways that restore or maintain equity in situations. Individual outcomes and individual efforts must be equal to other’s outcomes and other’s efforts then equity is in place once the equality comes outbounced then inequity can occur. Equity theory prediction: Felt negative inequityIndividual feels thath he has recieved relatively less than others in proportion to work inputs. Felt positive inequity Individual feels that he has recieved relatively more than others have. Equity restoration behaviours. Reduce work inputs:Change the outcomes reciever.Leave the situation.Change the comparison points.Psychologically distort things.Try to change the efforts of the comparison person.Organizational justice.How fairly and equitably people see the practices of their workplace at the time. Every employees motivation is a multiplicative function of valence, expectancy and instrumentality.Goal seeking theory motivation was developed by Edwin A. Locke in the middle of 1960’s. Goal setting The process of developing, negotiating, and formalizing the targets or objectives that a person is responsible for accomplishing. Difficult goals are leading to more efficient and lasting performance than low goals.Specific goals are leading to a slightly raising performance than vague or giving ourselves a general goal. Feedback more likely task feedback is motivating people to produce a higher performance by setting of higher performance and more sophisticated goals.Goals are leading to higher performance when people have the abilities and the feelings of self-efficacy required to accomplish them. Goals are motivating people toward higher performance when they are accepted by the individual, and there is commitment ot them. Management by objectives (MBO) Process of joint goal setting between a supervisor and a subordinate. Firstly I would like to briefly introduce the Apple company and then the ir standards in staff motivation in progress. Apple was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne in 1976 in order to develop and sell PC’s.Steve Jobs died in 2011. He was the main engine of Apple Inc. and he showed them the way they should go in the future. Even though he had a cancer he was a fighter and solver. Apple Inc. and employee motivation and relationships. Apple shows the world its greatness for a period of time now.They are leading electronics market worldwide. And firstly I might want to point out the negative part of suppliers behaviour. Since the supplier’s employees are not an Apple’s employees they dont care about unethical behaviour in their suppliers factories in China or India.Particulary in China-Chenzen there is a supplier of many electronic selling brands called Foxconn. Foxconn employs about 500. 000 employees. And the suicide rate is about 60 employees per year. That is alarming number. But for worldwide leading companies tha t sells electronics it’s just a good business of low cost makeing of their product and high profit by selling it to consumer.This is the main issues of almost every corporation that founds it’s place or cooperates with already existing factories with employee base. While the economy is flowishing they expand to other socialy low parts of China or India.Employees at Foxconn for example are 12 old children that work from 12 to 16 hours a day. So in 2013 Apple Inc. which was making almost 70% of their devices in Foxconn in Chenzen China has made a statement and showed the world their suppliers. Foxconn was mentioned as an problem facility that has to take steps forward to eliminate unethical behaviour. Apple wants his suppliers to set the working hours to 60 hours in 6 days that makes maximum of 10 hours a day. Only 38% of suppliers commited to this. Foxconn wasn’t one of those companies.So that was the negative experience I have with Apple impact on ethical behavi our of the coutrnies of third world. I studied Apple Inc. since middleschool. I made many eassays and reports about their business and internal functions like staff motivation, appreciation, development.Mainly Apple was built and carried through the rough times by legendary messiah Steve Jobs. Now its Tim Cooks turn to take over the vessel and head for the goals of the number one company in the world. If you look at apples employee motivation culture you can see that the theory of goal seeking took place here as a main push factor.The pull factor was the internal share sale for employees. Employees could buy shares for the lowest price given by apple. They couldn‘t participate on meeting or participate on strategical and main decisions of the headquarters. This is ment as a kind of benefit, bonus, incentive.Apple is mainly working on the management by objectives management and goal seeking theory. They give their employees the feeling of higher good. They give them a purpose t o proceed to better performance. Often in Apple Inc. employees were scared to walk in hall ways because they could meet Steve Jobs.When someone met with him, he always asked couple questions and sometimes he fired someone spontaneously that was called „to get Steveâ€Å". So employees even though they didnt know Steve but only their supervisors were scared of him, because of his changing behaviour.There are many operating teams that are working on the same things without knowing it. Thats the main advantage of motivating them. They solve the problem, but other team solved it in a better way. Their motivation rises because of competition made betweens those teams. They are doing alot of brainstorming with their supervisors even Steve was attending those.That gives employees a chance to present their ideas and even to protest the changes or procedures taking place. If I would implement the equity theory in Apple Inc. I would say that this motivating factor is always hidden. Ità ¢â‚¬â„¢s individual need but most people do care if another person gets a higher bonus for the same work with better effort or performance.So it’s highly motivating and won’t affect the other methods of motivation. Maslow’s needs theory is already in everybody. Every person has his needs. We have the same primary needs like sleeping, eating and drinking.But others have higher goals to improve themselves for themselves and their environs. This is also very individual basic employee has different needs than a manager or owner. Another theory that i mentioned in the first part of my eassay was goal seeking motivation theory that is already in text above.Apple Inc. esxists on this type of motivation since it was developed. Even though Steve Jobs died. And the last theory mentioned is Herzbergs two factor theory based on measuring the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of employee in their workplace also know as motivator-hygiene theory.I would like to say something neg ative about apple’s motivation procedures but I can’t because it is just brilliant. The two factor is also part of the company management. Apple Inc. is recruiting only the best of best and they benefit those people and take care of them.Those people don’t need to change employers or sell the information to media. They are satisfied and often they are strongly commited to the company. Apple is like a big happy family that profits out of its shares and company salaries. Apple Inc. is strong company that has strict rules and motivates their staff to improve their skills and inovative thinking.They grow their own profesionals in electronics and management. Apple deserves the main position on worldwide market of electronics. They have the best design and marketing in the world. They employ thousands of people all over the world.The key strategy of Apple was always to maintain on path that Steve Jobs showed them. I hope that in the future Apple will set a standard ev en for their suppliers of how to behave to their employees in ethical and fair way that should be human being treated.

Summary Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Summary - Term Paper Example Bartlett, in the article, addresses the issue of the serious rift evident in ethical view of in theoretical terms and manner in which employees follow the theories in real management situations while applying ethics. Ethical theory has its base upon moral theory used to define it. According to Bartlett, decision makers tend to embrace business ethics based on motivational elements. This suggests that level to which ethic receives recognition depends on the motivational elements outlined in the expectancy theory. Several business ethics researchers show failure while formulating and defining their research agenda. In defining their agenda for research, misconception occurs when business ethics researchers do not adequately relate personal values to the course of moral reasoning. By that, business ethics researchers fail to recognize and integrate the role of cognitive process in moral reasoning, which is essential in ensuring business ethics at the workplace. The researchers, therefore, alienate the role of reasoning which is intermediary. Bartlett gives proposals that would help ensure a harmony between the theoretical and practical views of business ethics. These aims at addressing the theory-practice rift existing in the management of business ethics. Bartlett notes that, despite the study of business ethics in philosophies and psychology that promotes morality, business ethics application in real situations remains a challenging issues to many people. The approaches used in the learning of seem to fail in their application, in real life scenarios. Suggestions that bring out the possibility of achieving a narrowing down of the gap would see compatibility of the two concepts. Appreciation of the variability between real life situations in management and theory by researchers is fundamental. Recognition of the complexity is of immense importance. This would enable business ethics researchers come up with frameworks of

ENGLISH LEGAL SYSTEM ASSIGNMENT 4b, 3b & c Essay

ENGLISH LEGAL SYSTEM ASSIGNMENT 4b, 3b & c - Essay Example A statute has been defined in previous editions of this work simply as the will of the legislature", the will of the legislature must be expressed either by the agreement of its three parts (Queen, lords and commons)or by the agreement of the queen and commons in accordance with the parliament Acts 1911 and 1949.Granted that a document which is presented to it as a statute is an authentic expression of the legislature will, the function of a court is to interpret that document "according to the intent of them that made it." From that function the court may not resile .however ambiguous Difficult for application the words of an act of parliament may be, the court is bound to endeavour to place some meaning upon them. In so doing it gives effect, as the judges have repeatedly declared to the intention of parliament, but, it may only elicit that intention from he actual words of the statute In this rule its assumed that the words and phrases of technical legislation are used in their technical meaning if they have acquired one, otherwise in their ordinary meaning ,and the second is that the phrases and sentences are to be construed according to the rules of grammar. Blythes v .Blythes- A reference in the matrimonial causes Act 1950 to the court being satisfied was meant to mean precisely what it said, and to require the courts to be satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt. And in Northing ham Finance V.Ashley,the court of appeal held that the words covered of which the hirer was in possession under an existing hire- purchase agreement and which were exchanged in part payment for the goods under the new agreement .it would be too narrow a construction to restrict it to goods actually owned by the hirer. The Mischief Rule. In heydons case in 1954, it was resolved by the Barons of the exchequer, that for sure and true interpretation of all statute in general (be they penal or beneficial, restrictive and considered. Firstly, what was common law before the making of the act. Secondly, what was the mischief and defect for which the common law did not provide. Thirdly, what remedy that parliament hath resolved and appointed to cure the disease of the commonwealth. Fourthly, The true reason of the remedy, and then the office of all judges is always to

Econ assignment- 6 questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Econ - 6 questions - Assignment Example b. The autonomous spending multiplier can be estimated as 6.99, [i.e. 1/(1-0. 0.8571) = 1/0.1429 = 6.99] with the marginal propensity to consume valued as 0.8571 (Economicae, â€Å"Autonomous Spending Multipliers†). c. Based on the provided information, the total government expenditures amounted to 2000 and the equilibrium value of real income in this economy has been calculated to be 6900. Thus, the amount of an increase in government spending that would lead to a 1000 increase in real income would be (6900+1000-2000) = 5900. d. The tax rate which needs to change so as to generate a 1000 increase in real income would be [(0.30/6900)*1000] = 0.04 (approximately). In this regard, the simple household income tax rate is 0.30, equilibrium value of real income is 6900 and the increase in real income is expected to be 1000. As household real income and tax rates are identified to be inversely correlated, to generate an additional real income of 1000, the tax rate will be required t o be reduced by 0.04, i.e. to 0.26. QUESTION 2 Let’s assume that in the late 1970s, the U.S. economy was operating at potential output with a natural rate of unemployment of 4 percent. In June 1979, OPEC was able to triple the price of crude oil. This led to a (leftward/rightward) ___leftward_____shift of the ___demand____curve. As a result, the aggregate price level (increased/decreased) ___increased____indicating a (fall/rise) ____rise___ in inflation. Additionally, actual output (rose above/fell below) ____fell below___potential output causing unemployment to (fall/rise) ______rise__. This combination of inflation and output is referred to as ______stagflation___. The newly appointed Chair of the Federal Reserve, Paul Volker, responded by decreasing the money supply, resulting in (decrease/increase) __increase_______in interest rates. This led to a (leftward/rightward) ____leftward__ shift of the _____supply_______ curve. As a result, the aggregate price level (increased/d ecreased) _____increased_____indicating a (fall/rise) ___rise__in inflation and (increase/decrease) _____decrease___in unemployment. In addition, Ronald Regan became president in 1981. His administration cut the tax rate and increased government spending, resulting in new levels of government deficits. This led to a (leftward/rightward) ___rightward___shift of the ___demand___ curve. As a result, the aggregate price level (increased/decreased) __increased____ indicating a (fall/rise) ___rise____ in inflation and unemployment to (fell/rose) ______fell___. QUESTION 3 a. The concepts of ‘off-shoring’ or ‘offshore outsourcing’ is fundamentally related with the shifting of production to any overseas subsidiary by a multinational firm. Moreover, it can also be described as conducting trade in the form of goods and/or services in different foreign nations. With regard to an offshoring model, it can be affirmed that the higher relative wage of skilled labors in the foreign country would eventually result in higher degree of skilled-labor intensiveness in the home country. Similarly, it is to be affirmed that the lower relative wage of high skilled labors in the home country would make skilled-labor intensive related actions less expensive in comparison with the foreign country. Thus, it can be stated that the home country labor market would desire to undertake its different production activities at the lower margin of the value chain for a given product (Chang, â€Å"

Chapter 9 A and B Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Chapter 9 A and B - Essay Example However, there was a remarkable transformation after the 1960’s. For example, Japan turned its World War II defeat into a stepping stone for postwar economic success (East Asia 368). In the years that followed, Japan experienced economic growth that was above that of china. Consequently, it was considered an economic engine for the world and even rivaled the United States economy. On the other hand, after 1972 china started to experience economic success. This was after it opened doors for bilateral talks with the United States. Currently, East Asia act as the most active region in the global economy, it is changing the world in different ways. On the other hand, East Asia is mainly composed of mainland in terms of total land area. However, the role played by islands and its people in forging realms regional geography has been tremendous. This region has also been dominated by conflicts of water between the mainland and the islands (East Asia 369). In fact, the Japanese and Ch inese have been arguing over the ownership of islands in these waters. This is because of the vast oil deposits and the fishing grounds. Sometimes china is referred to as being East Asia. This is because it is the prominent country in this area in terms of population and has played a massive role in the world affairs (East Asia 369). However, there are other political entities in the East Asia. They include Japan, South Korea, North Korea, Mongolia, and Taiwan (East Asia 369). However, Taiwan is referred as part of china while North Korea is viewed as a failed state. China has been defined by the four famous rivers system. This is in together with their basins, valleys, deltas, and estuaries. However, the most notable are the Huang He. This makes a large loop around the Ordos Desert and then flows into Bohai Gulf, and the Yangzi River (East Asia 372). This river with its tributaries forms the source of water ideal for most of the activities in the capital of china. There is also Yan gzi River in the Chang Basin in china. These two rivers originate in the snowy mountains of the Qing-Hai-Xizang Plateau (East Asia 372). The other two rivers have a shorter distance. However, one of the rivers (Xi River) forms an estuary that acts as the greatest center for China globalization. Additionally, there is another river known as Liao. China, for a long time, has been controlled by dynasties. At these dynasties, China area continued to expand and at the same time decreasing. On the other hand, China had Qing Empire as the largest. However, the empire became weak at its final stage. This is because it was confronted by the imperial powers such as Europeans, Russians, and Japanese (East Asia 376). The collapse of China Empire paved way for the revolutionary China and charismatic leader named Sun Yat-sen led this (East Asia 377). The nationalistic blamed the authorities for China woes. Consequently, they attacked the emperor’s garrison all over China, and this resulted in the fall of Qing Dynasty (East Asia 378). This was followed by the formation of China Communist. Initially, the nationalist cooperated with the imperial authority. However, after Chiang Kai-shek rise to power, all the foreigners fled China. On the other hand, Japan has played a significant historical role in East Asia. Since the seventeen century, Japan policy was on isolation. In fact, contact with the outside world was of a limited nature. However, the Meiji Restoration dropped the policy. This regime

Suez Canal Crisis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Suez Canal Crisis - Research Paper Example This canal is not a natural one; it was constructed in 1869 in order to transport goods from Europe and Asia. Earlier the goods transportation between Europe and Africa was extremely difficult since the transportation ships forced to navigate around Africa to reach Europe from Asia. The construction of Suez Canal made the transportation of good between these two regions easier. Suez Canal crisis occurred in 1956 when a war broke out between France, Britain, and Israel against Egypt. The invasion of Egypt by Israel caused problems in the good transportation between Asia and Europe which forced Britain and France to issue a joint ultimatum to the concerning parties; Egypt and Israel. They started to bomb Egypt shortly after the ultimatum given which is believed to be a preplanned attack with the knowledge of Israel. This paper analyses the various dimensions of the Suez Canal crisis developed in 1956 with the help of topic such as the relationships between Israel and Egypt, relationshi ps between Eden and Nasser, the effects of cold war, history of Suez canal etc. Historically, the relationship between Egypt and Israel remains a strained one. Bible has many references for the strained relationships between Israel and Egypt. It is difficult for these two countries to establish strong relationships in future also because of their immense differences in culture and religious beliefs. Jews perceive Arabs as their enemies and their enmity started long time back. Most of the years of the twentieth century, Egypt was ruled by Britain. Egyptians were second class citizens in their home land during the colonial rule of Britain which developed dissatisfaction against the British among the Egyptian public. Violence against the British started to grow in Egypt as a result of their protest against colonial rule. British Prime Minister Antony Eden tried to deal this violence by increasing the number of British troops in Egypt. Nasser responded to Eden’s efforts by formin g a Revolutionary Command Council in Egypt. It was difficult for Britain to bear the huge cost of military operations in Egypt because of the financial problems developed in Britain during this period. The relationship between President Nasser and Prime Minister Antony Eden was not so good during the Suez Canal crisis period. They met each other in 1955 in Cairo in order to rectify the problems between them; however neither of them trusted each other and the strained relationship continued even after the meeting. Eden tried to force Nasser from establishing a strong relationship with the communist Soviet Union. He also urged Nasser to stop anti-British radio broadcasts. However, Eden failed to get a positive response from Nasser on both the issues. â€Å"Even the dinner put on for Nasser at the British Embassy was a failure as Nasser arrived in military uniform to be greeted by Eden in full evening dress†2. Nasser treated Eden’s efforts as a deliberate attempt to humil iate him and whatever the positives derived out of this meeting was destroyed because of this incident. Britain forced to end their colonial rule in Egypt and Egypt became an independent state in 1953 even though British presence continued till 1956. Nasser became the president of Egypt in 1954. The nationalization of Suez Canal was the immediate action taken by Nasser after assuming the president’s post which resulted in the Suez Canal crisis of 1956. History of Suez Canal As mentioned earlier, Suez Canal was

Analytical report on the international marketing strategy of BreadTalk Term Paper

Analytical report on the international marketing strategy of BreadTalk in Singapore entering United Kingdom - Term Paper Example The company sells a wide range of products that include bread, buns, cakes and pastries. During the early years after inception, the company’s operations were centralised and the baking process right from the preparation of dough to the final process of topping of each objects of bakery was done at individual retail stores (BreadTalk Group Ltd, 2013). However, as the company continued to grow, and the plan of establishing franchisees was conceptualised, the company created a single central kitchen and shifted its headquarters to KA FoodLink, on September of 2001. Moreover, the company acquired more space and current machinery in 2002 to expand its production capacity. Currently, the company has about 746 retail outlets with over 7000 workers throughout Singapore, Hong Kong, Middle Ease and China. Our vision is, â€Å"establishing BreadTalk as a  brand and enterprise known for its innovative, trend setting and delightful bread and pastries†, which we believe we can achieve through franchising by opening new outlets both in the existing and new markets e.g. the current one being the United Kingdom. Our mission statement is â€Å"leading a new lifestyle culture with new innovative changes and creative differentiation to craft products with passion and vibrancy†. Thus, this mission statement implies that as a company we want we want to employ a mix of strategies to create a new culture at the company that embodies the production of quality vibrant crafted products that are better and bring satisfaction to the consumers than those of consumers. At BreadTalk we are happy with our financial performance given that we have already surpassed the half-way point of S$1billion revenue mark towards our 2016 target (Iesingapore.Gov, n.d.). The excellent performance has been attributed to our current strategies and accelerated growth. Firstly, since inception we have use the franchising strategy to venture into new markets. For instance as at 2009 December we

Formation of Modern Israel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Formation of Modern Israel - Essay Example The evident political institution about Israel started in 1917, which entailed searching appropriate home meant for Jews. After WWI, Israel’s political base started to take form slowly. This was after Great Britain obtained power from the League of Nations to rule Palestine (Shindler 11). This recognized British decree in the deployed region coupled with instituting of the national residence for Jews. Britain was not to rule the whole of Palestine, but instead the command they had assumed enabled them to split the area in two. They ruled one section that belonged to Jews and let off the other, hence starting the art of ascertaining the current Jewish state. United Nations devised a plan meant for the division of Palestine state into three states, which triggered fierce disagreements among the states’ populace (Shindler 54). Division occurred in 1947, which saw the Palestine being into three regions. These encompassed Jewish country, an Arab country and Jerusalem that was under UN administration. The partition according to the Jews was an excellent idea, but the action vehemently encountered rejection from an Arab’s nations. This triggered civil war, which is evident to date where populations from both sides have died due to guerrilla invasions. In May 1948, Israel confirmed its autonomy, which made them be the envy of other bordering states, which staged fierce invasions meant for utter obliteration. These countries encompassed Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Egypt plus Iraq, where the war took one year prior a ceasefire staged (Shindler 124). Ceasefire amid Israel and its neighbors meant drawing of the green line that defined demarcations coupled with where each one’s authority assumed control. Jordan assumed power over West; Jerusalem took the East while Egypt took the current Gaza strip (Shindler 307). The then demarcations did not resolve all the wrangles, which the states held against the other, since to date they are still evident.

Temperature-dependent impact tests Essay Example for Free

Temperature-dependent impact tests Essay Purpose This lab was performed to fully comprehend the temperature dependency of the fracture toughness of the Aluminum and Steel. It was also executed to discover the ductile-brittle transition of each. Summary The experiment solidified the hypothesis that the 6061 aluminum has no ductile-to-brittle transition do to its FCC crystal structure. The 1018 steel has a ductile-to-brittle transition temperature of -31Â ºC due to its BCC crystal structure. Results Figure 1: Graph of fracture energy vs. temperature for entire class data From Figure 1 one can determine that steel has a ductile-to-brittle transition temperature at -31Â ºC requiring a large increase in energy required to fracture over the temperature range. Also it can be determined that aluminum has no ductile to brittle transition due to the almost nonexistent change in fracture energy over the temperature range. Figure 2:Â  Photos of the fracture of each specimen for each testing temperature From the photos in Figure 2 one can see that the Aluminum fracture remains relatively constant throughout the temperature range. This shows plastic deformation due to its ductile behavior throughout the testing temperatures. The steel on the other hand is brittle at the colder temperatures and from the pictures you can see the grain boundaries are more visible and course. This represents a brittle failure. As the temperature increases, the grains become smoother as seen in the photos, which denote a transition to plastic deformation for a more ductile steel. Conclusion The results show that for the 1018 steel the fracture energy increases over the temperature increase, while for the 6061 aluminum the fracture energy stays relatively constant throughout the temperature increase. In the Figure 2 photos, the aluminum is relatively constant on the surface of the fracture. There is a smooth appearance to the grains on the surface of the aluminum, displaying plastic deformation. For the steel, the grains are jagged and rough at the lower temperatures, displaying shearing of the grains, but as the temperature increases the surface becomes smooth like the aluminum. The crystal structure of the 1018 steel is a BCC when the 6061 Aluminum has a FCC. For a BCC crystal structure there is ductile-to-brittle transition due to cleavage in the grains, but in a FCC crystal structure cleavage is nonexistent therefore no ductile-to-brittle transition occurs. In conclusion the 1018 steel has ductile-to-brittle transition.

Pe pep on swimming Essay Example for Free

Pe pep on swimming Essay have chosen the activity swimming because I am very interested in it. I have been doing it since early primary school and have continued onto now the end of secondary school. I think that it is the sport I no most about and I am most interested in doing. I swim in school and also out, I have progressed through out the years in my level of performance and I believe completing a personal exercise programme will improve my performance in all areas even more to a higher level. I have swam with people at higher standards than myself and also lower. I have been swimming for 12 years and it has developed to become one of my favourite physical activities. This has included watching England swim and participating with high level people my self. I personally enjoy this sport so much because of the techniques needed. It is a very exciting activity and does need a lot of taking part. Your body has to be thinking in different ways and working at high standards. I like the involvement that is expected from you in training sessions and the exciting in races and competitions. It is an individual activity and you must focus on you and only. I dont just like to swim I also take part by swimming very frequently. I previously swam for the school team and have also took part in outside of school teams. I would also like to now proceed further into swimming and sign on to a local team. This will hopefully help me to become a stronger swimmer as I will be around others with a lot of skill and devotion. I have training once or twice a week and competition come up quite often. My most preferred lane when racing is the outside left lane To be successful in Swimming   A swimmer needs to have the following qualities and components of fitness as with out these they wont be able to play up to the standards of the other competators and this is essential to win.Another one of my strong components would be agility. I believe coming out strong in half of my tests is a good because then I can focus on the other three and hopefully improve my performance in swimming. I have pointed out my weak areas and they are speed endurance and especially strength. I think strength is my main area that I need to work on. Even though the other components relate into swimming more this area still needs improving on to make my swimming standards higher.  I have decided I am going to use the school fitness suite at least three times a week for five weeks. This is as well as doing my usually training and sports. I am going to start of by building up my body on a cardiovascular machine. This would be a bike, a treadmill, a steeper machine, or a cross trainer. I will start on the first day by completing 10 minutes on a medium speed and then push my self to the faster level my body will take me for the last two minutes. I will then go onto another cardio vascular machine mentioned above different machine to what I started on and complete 10 minutes on a medium speed and also in the remaining two minutes push my body to the limit.  As I am working on me strength I am going to focus on the weight machines in my arms. The more power I can build up in my arms the stronger my strokes will become. I am going to start at around 20 reps per machine. I am going to begin my weight work out by using an arm weight machine then changing to my legs then finishing once again on an arm. This is making me work more on arm machines which will hopefully lead to an improvement in my weak area. I will then end each session by warming my body down once again on a cardiovascular machine. One of which I listed earlier. I will start by working on a steady speed for 10 minutes and then pushing the speed to the highest my can take for five minutes. I will go up a km each 40 seconds until my body reaches the limit.  Each time I go into the fitness suite I am going to build on my goal. On my first session the work out plan will be what I have explained above. Then the following I will add more reps and more machines. This is to push my body gradually to the limit. This will also help on my endurance because I am pushing my body more and more each time making myself work harder and for longer periods of time. Training Programme.  The following is what I did in the fitness suite for five weeks. As I went in three times I week I completed the same work out in the same week. As I went in to the next week I then pushed my self harder. This was so I wasnt building up my body to fast and to prevent injury.

Extensible Business Reporting Language in India

Extensible Business Reporting Language in India Introduction XBRL XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) reporting is gaining momentum as a medium of digital financial reporting (Ogundejiet.al, 2014). It is a meta-language, based on XML and used as electronic communication of business information. The primary purpose of XBRL is to facilitate the preparation, publishing, exchange, and analysis of financial statements. In fact, using the framework of XBRL it is possible to facilitate numerous types of reports that can efficiently be parsed by computers (Vasarhelyi and Alles, 2008) and software applications available for the analysis of such information (Silveira et al., 2007). XBRL can be considered as innovation as it is becoming an internet business standardization language (Willis, 2007). A XBRL report does not only contain business and financial reporting information but it also includes attributes that describe that information. It doesn’t change the financial reporting standards but change the way in which business and financial i nformation is reported. Typically, an XBRL report consists of an XBRL instance document containing the financial facts and taxonomies that provide the information about how facts are interrelated in the financial statement. Taxonomy works as a electronic dictionary for business and financial terms within the business realm. Instance documents are business reports that are physically connected to taxonomies. It contains both numerical and non-numerical data and information about the data. XBRL in India The XBRL wave started in India in late 2007 when the Institute of Chartered Accounts of India (ICAI) initiated the idea digital business reporting using XBRL with different regulators in India. XBRL implementation can achieve immediate benefits for Indian companies in terms of a more efficient means to file incorporation documents online and a simplified mode of filing of returns and forms. The benefits to Indian capital market include easy access to public information for users at anytime and from anywhere, which may increase information transparency. With increased coverage, it is hoped that the XBRL data thus collected would significantly enhance the Government capability in policy formulation and regulators, corporates as well as public and investors at large. Major regulators involved in the adoption of XBRL in India are Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) and Insurance Regulatory and Development Authori ty (IRDA). From 31st March, 2011, Ministry of Corporate Affairs mandated XBRL reporting (in phases) for companies, who would adopt the Commercial and Industrial Taxonomy developed by ICAI. In the first year (phase 1), the focus was on a certain class of companies who are listed in India, with paid up capital of Rs. 5 crore and turnover of Rs. 100 crores, would have to file their Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss in XBRL format from the FY 2010-11 onwards. The subsequent years witnessed a significant change in the regulatory reporting format and a new schedule VI for improvement in disclosure system for financial statements was enforced by the Companies Act 2013. The taxonomy architecture also underwent considerable change. Companies are also required to file their cost audit report and compliance report in XBRL format. Filers have the option to create their own XBRL documents in house or to convert their financial statements into XBRL format through outsourcing. Regardless of which approach, the first step is to tag each financial element to the published XBRL taxonomy so that accounting information can be converted into XBRL format. Once XBRL instance documents are created, filers need to validate the instance document before filing on MCA portal. Off-line process validates XBRL instance documents for business rules using the MCA off-line tool. Second, for online validation (Pre-scrutiny) the instance documents are uploaded and validated from the MCA21 system (MCA 2012). The Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) has adopted the XBRL taxonomy for Commercial Industrial (CI) Companies. Regulators like RBI has implemented the XBRL based regulatory filings for banks using Internet and Indian Financial Network. SEBI and IRDA are in the process of implementing XBRL. But the adoption is not uniform across various sectors of businesses in India. As every organization faces some teething problems when adopting a new technology, the same holds true for XBRL. Firstly, XBRL has a steep learning curve to begin with. Therefore, there’s a big challenge for the company to bring together a workforce skilled for using this new technology. It requires training efforts and change management initiatives on the company’s part to prepare employees for such advancements. Organizations should also be careful about the probable effects of the technology adoption procedure on existing processes and people; and take necessary steps to minimize any adverse behavioral impact. Research Objective Therefore adoption of XBRL becomes a relevant research area of interest among academics and practitioners (Pinsker,2008; Muller,2013). Researches around the world are carried from various disciplines on XBRL. Further, majority of academic XBRL research has focused on the US market (Srivastava and Liu, 2012) and, therefore, there is a need to see how non-US countries have implemented XBRL. Further, little research is cited regarding end-user attitude towards XBRL adoption (Muller, 2013). Being a behavioral study, the present research has applied a technology acceptance model (TAM) to identify the predictors for attitude formation required for successful adoption of XBRL. Based on Baldwin (2006) study we classified the stakeholders for the system in four groups. The ‘Standardizer’ creates taxonomies, accounting standard, Legislator and regulator. ‘Providers’ are the companies, divisions that provide platform for creating reports. ‘Intermediaries’ are auditors, financial aggregators. ‘Addresses’ are Investors, regulators, managers. The present work attempts to analyze the acceptance of XBRL technology by ‘Intermediaries’ including auditors and company financial professionals responsible for preparation of XBRL report in Indian companies. Thus, the study has implications for auditors, as well as for firms who operate in India and in countries whose XBRL implementation reporting in mandatory. Literature Review XBRL As pointed by many researchers, XBRL is used as most advanced and rigorous standards taxonomy developed to help for a better assurance of future digital financial reports (Cohen, 2009; Lymer and Debreceny, 2003; Boritz and Wo, 2008; Plumlee and Plumlee, 2008; Shrivastava and Kogan, 2009; and Gonzalbez and Rodriguez, 2012). XBRL adoption allows organisations to report quickly (Cohenet al., 2005), and standardised data to be accessed at a lower cost with greater transparency and cheaply. With the adoption of XBRL, financial information can be optimized for creation, discovery, consumption, and reuse, and XBRL also enables supply of information for business reporting to communicate among players more efficiently (Vasal and Srivastava, 2009; Debreceny et al., 2005). Additional XBRL benefits include cost savings because of increased data processing capability, decreased data duplication and decreased cost of bookkeeping (Pinsker and Li, 2008; Yoon,2011). Alles and Piechocki (2009) develop a framework for understanding how tagged data can be used to change the way in which decisions affecting governance are made. Roohani (2007) argues that XBRL would facilitate corporate governance and provide transparency to employees, investors and creditors, and regulators. Alles and Piechocki (2009) commented that XBRL will improve corporate governance. Premuroso and Bhattacharya (2008) confirm that early and voluntary filers of financial information in XBRL format demonstrate superior corporate governance and operating performance relative to their non-adopting peers. But Doolin and Troshani (2007) believed that benefits of XBRL are not expected to be immediate but will accumulate over time. Tornatzky and Klein (1982) and Rogers (2003) suggest that the relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, and the ability to trial and observe a technology like XBRL, all play a significant role in the adoption decision. Potential adopters typically evaluate the relative advantage and benefits of new technology against the perceived costs (Doolin and Troshani, 2007; Oliver and Whymark, 2005; Premkumar et al., 1994). Adopters will weigh the initial and ongoing cost of adopting the technology (Rogers, 2003) against potential benefits such as a reduction in compliance costs and increased competitive advantage (Oliver and Whymark, 2005). The greater the perceived positive relative advantage, the more likely an organisation will adopt the technology. Chartered Accountants will be primarily responsible for the implementation of XBRL in an organization (Gauri, 2014). Current study examines the factors that influence individual decision to adopt XBRL using Davis (1989) Technology Acceptan ce Model (TAM). Technology Acceptance Due to complexity and context-sensitiveness, technology adoption required various models and which has speculated in the past two decades to specify the factors influencing organizations technology adoption (Wolfe, 1994; Jeyaraj et al., 2006; Doolin and Troshani, 2007). These include the technology acceptance model (TAM) (Davis, 1989), TAM2 (Venkatesh et al., 2003), theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, 1991), innovation diffusion theory (Rogers, 2003), and the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (Venkatesh et al., 2003). Among all, TAM is the most popular model build upon a well known theory of IS (Information System) research. The literature of IT adoption relates to various Personal factors (Davis, 1989; Troshani and Doolin, 2005; Venkatesh, and Davis, 2000), Technological factors, Environmental factors and organisational factors (Troshani and Doolin, 2005). Personal factors include dimensions of TAM (Technology Acceptance Model) like perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness, attitude towards technology, which were proven to be more successful in measuring the impact on technology adoption. Technological factors including relative advantage (Zaltman et al. 1973), complexity (Rogers, 1983), compatibility (Kwon and Zmud, 1987), observability (Rogers, 1983), and trial ability (Venkatesh, and Davis,2000). Technology complexity includes the current knowledge and skills of the employees in the organization (Doolin and Troshani, 2007). Davidson el al. (2006) and Rogers (2003) revealed that lack of knowledge and skills hinders the adoption of XBRL by organisation accountants. Environmental factors include e xternal pressure (Iacovou et al., 1995) and competition (Grover, 1993), Innovation Adoption (Tornatzky and Klein,1982; Rogers, 1983). Organisational factors include top management support (Rai and Howard, 1994; Thong and Yap, 1995), organisation structure (Lai and Guynes, 1994), centralisation and formalisation (Zmud, 1982; Grover and Goslar, 1993), organisation size (Grover and Teng, 1992). But with present research scope, we only examined the impact of determinants defined in Technology Acceptance Model (Davis,1989). Research Model TAM is an adaptation of theory of reasoned action by Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) and was mainly designed for modeling user acceptance of information technology in the workplace (Davis, 1989; Davis et al., 1989). The positive relationship between behavioral intentions and actions is extensively described by the theory of reasoned action (Azen,1980) and the theory of planned behavior (Azen, 1991). The TAM model assumes that system use is directly determined by behavioral intention to use the system which is in turn influenced by users’ attitudes toward using the system and the perceived usefulness of the system. This model displays a high level prediction power of technology use (Goswami, 2014). The present research uses the TAM (Technology Acceptance Model) model proposed by Davis (1989) to understand the acceptance in respect of perceived usefulness and ease of use dimensions. Both are most closely related to the characteristics of the XBRL system. Perceived usefulness (PU) the degree to which a person believes that using a particular system would enhance his or her job performance (Davidson et.al, 2006). Perceived ease of use (PEOU) is the degree to which a person believes that using a particular system would be free of effort. Research Methodology The research methodology of this study is divided in following points: Source of data-The source of data collection is primary data which is collected from the professionals working in various companies and responsible for creation of XBRL reports. Sample size-as per the difficulty of finding the qualified respondents who were responsible for the XBRL based financial reporting;the sample 20professionals of Rajasthan state were selected randomly. Each author has contributed 5 the filled questionnaire and the data were collected from 12 companies as a representative sample. Sampling technique-The sampling technique used is convenient sampling. Hypothesis- as per the nature of the research two hypotheses were developed and shown under the head of data analysis. Analysing Tool: Multivariate Regression Analysis were used to analyse the data and to identify that which independent variable results change in dependent variable. Conclusion The present research begins with a clarification that global adoption of XBRL will have a large impact on financial and corporate reporting process. Indian companies can also be benefited with this technology innovation along with its inherent operational advantages. TAM has proven to be a useful acceptance model in helping to understand and explain the user behavior in XBRL implementation. The study examined the effect of perceived usefulness and ease of use on attitude of Indian financial professionals towards XBRL reporting. Change management is also a crucial step to be taken before implementing a technology like this. Employees are quite reluctant for changes in processes. This makes it imperative for companies to conduct change management which helps employees embrace the change openly. Staying up to date with current taxonomies is also essential. The implementation roadmap must be charted out with detailed planning for the technology’s adoption to be a success. It is critical to ascertain the most suitable method for your organization to implement it. Your decision to go for bolt-on, or outsource or built-in approach must be carefully thought of and minutely planned keeping in mind the organization needs. Future Research It is worth noting that whereas XBRL has exhibited capabilities to produce the digitized version financial statements, it is still unable to capture information displayed through various other sections of the financial statements and the annual reports. Particularly, the information displayed through the notes to accounts and, management discussion and analysis sections of the annual reports. This is indeed a challenging area for future research. All aspects concerning the improvement of efficiency by applying XBRL like time savings, reduced effort, and improved communication are mentioned frequently in literature but hardly any research activities could be recognized. Future researched should focus on the evaluation of productivity of financial reporting. Other potential area of research is system flexibility, which measure the cross-system compatibility and system independent processing of XBRL business and financial information. The impact of demographic factors upon the XBRL adop tion among consumers must be examined. Based on our discussions and literature review, we suggest that research focus might also be on the economic impact of XBRL. This may help to present a clear business case to the stakeholders which should contribute to the comprehensive adoption of XBRL.

Mr. Smith Goes to Washington Essay -- film analysis, reassuring image

Mr. Smith is portrayed as an honest man with strong opinions. He is the ideal politician in an ideal society. The film Mr. Smith Goes to Washington depicts a "reassuring image" that happens to be "an image of the past" (Wheeler). However, in today's legislature, people like Mr. Smith are rare due to the fact that a politician's primary goal is re-election. The good of the people may come as another intention of a politician, but it is always secondary to "bringing home the pork." There should be more people like Mr. Smith because the legislature would be able to make decisions more effectively and efficiently, rather than how slowly they currently operate. This is an unfortunate truth, yet it is how our society has been shaped to operate. This becomes apparent after close examination of the United States legislature today and viewing of the film Mr. Smith Goes to Washington. Mr. Smith was appointed to be a Senator on a whim. He was the leader of the Boy Rangers with no political experience. He was principled with a clear view on right and wrong. Mr. Smith took his ideals as far as risking his career when he did not compromise in order to maintain his beliefs. In addition, special interest groups did not impact Mr. Smith's decisions. He was untouched by the corruption that he learned existed in the legislature. Yet upon discovering it, he did not change himself. Mr. Smith did not place any emphasis on re-election and did not care if people thought negatively about him as long as he remained with his values. Mr. Smith's values make him unique and give him the ability to be noticed within the legislature. The manner in which the United States legislature is currently set up allows someone similar to Mr. Smith to thrive in society... ... 11 Nov. 2009. Web. 3 Feb. 2014. 11/mr-smith-goes-to-washington-discussion.html>. Hudak, John. "Lessons from the Shutdown: Pork and Earmarks Help Break Gridlock." Brookings. Brookings, 30 Oct. 2013. Web. 4 Feb. 2014. 10/29-shutdown-lessons-the-benefits-of-pork-hudak>. Johnson, Eliana. "Shutdown Deal Includes Pork-Barrel Spending." National Review Online. NRO, 16 Oct. 2013. Web. 4 Feb. 2014. shutdown-deal-includes-pork-barrel-spending-eliana-johnson>. Panahi, Heather. "Common Criticisms of Legislatures." Feb. 2013. File last modified on Feb. 2013. PDF file. "radical." Def. 1-10. Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, n.d. Web. 3 Feb. 2014. .

Vietnam War :: essays research papers

Vietnam War The Vietnam War was a military struggle starting in 1959 and ending in 1975. It began as an attempt by the Vietcong (Communist Guerrillas) to overthrow the Southern Vietnam Government. This research paper will discuss the Vietnam War, US involvement in this war, and significant battles. Following the surrender of Japan to the Allies in August 1945, Vietminh guerrillas seized the capital city of Hanoi and forced the abdication of Emperor Bao Dai. On September 2 they declared Vietnam to be independent and announced the creation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, commonly called North Vietnam, with Ho Chi Minh as president. France officially recognized the new state, but the subsequent inability of the Vietminh and France to reach satisfactory political and economic agreements led to armed conflict beginning in December 1946. "Northern Vietnam was determined to gain it's freedom" (Davis 12). With French backing Bao Dai set up the state of Vietnam, commonly called South Vie tnam, on July 1, 1949, and established a new capital at Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City). "Where as the Southern Vietnam government seemed content to be a sort of a colony" (Davis 12). The following year, the U.S. officially recognized the Saigon government, and to assist it. President Harry S. Truman dispatched a military assistance advisory group to train South Vietnam in the use of U.S. weapons. In April 1961, a treaty of amity and economic relations was signed with South Vietnam, and in December, President John F. Kennedy pledged to help South Vietnam maintain its independence. Subsequently, U.S. economic and military assistance to the Diem government increased significantly. In December 1961, the first U.S. troops, consisting of 400 uniformed army personnel, arrived in Saigon in order to operate two helicopter companies; the U.S. proclaimed, however, that the troops were not combat units as such. A year later, U.S. military strength in Vietnam stood at 11,200. By the end of 1965 American combat strength was nearly 200,000. In February 1965, U.S. planes began regular bombing raids over North Vietnam. A halt was ordered in May in the hope of initiating peace talks, but when North Vietnam rejected all negotiations, the bombings were resumed. From February 1965 to the end of all-out U.S. involvement in 1973, South Vietnamese forces mainly fought against the Vietcong guerrillas. While U.S. and allied troops fought the North Vietnamese in a war of attrition marked by battles in such places as the Ia Dang Valley, Dak To, Loc Ninh, and Khe Sanh-all victories for the non-Communist forces.

Context and Contradictions in Platos Phaedrus and Platos Symposium Es

Context and Contradictions in Plato's Phaedrus and Plato's Symposium It is well known that Plato, a devoted student of Socrates, chronicled many of Socrates' speeches and conversations. Every so often one can find instances where Socrates and other players in these conversations seem to contradict themselves, or at least muddle their arguments. One such occurrence of this is in Plato's Symposium and Plato's Phaedrus. Both texts speak of love in its physical sense, both texts describe love and its effects, and both discuss how it is best realized, yet they do this in very different fashions, and for different reasons. Plato's Phaedrus is a conversation between Socrates and Phaedrus. In this conversation the young Phaedrus is overjoyed to tell Socrates of the speech that he had just heard Lysias, "The best writer living" (Plato Phaedrus 22), tell. In this speech Lysias uses his rhetorical skills to argue that physical love without emotional attachment is preferable to physical love with emotional attachment, "That is the clever thing about it; he makes out that an admirer who is not in love is to be preferred to one who is" (Plato Phaedrus 22). Socrates listens to this speech, as relayed by Phaedrus and quickly becomes aware that this speech was a ploy by Lysias to get Phaedrus into bed with him. Socrates then fashions a speech, on the spot, that argues the same points that Lysias did. Socrates? speech is going well but is interrupted by "divine sign." Socrates then has to fashion a new speech that renounces the blasphemous nature of the first. Socrates? second speech contains the famous image of l ove as a charioteer with two horses. He also addresses the nature of the soul and the effects that love has on it (which will be ... ...ut different contexts and thus different ideals. The differences in the manner in which they reference love is nothing short of appalling. It would seem as though Eros was a God who (and whose gifts) came under much criticism, so much so that Socrates and Phaedrus needed to define Eros, both the verb and the God. Then the same discussion takes place in Symposium but with quite a different outcome. Men are Men; they change, as do their ideas. In this case the change in ideas came from context; different goals were trying to be achieved. This does not mean that either text is more or less valid or has more or less value than the other. For in both Eros is still given his due. Works Cited: Plato. "Phaedrus." The Works of Plato. Trans. B. Jowett. New York: The Dial Press, n.d. Plato. The Symposium. Ed. Christopher Gill. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1999.

1950s vs Today

Throughout history the roles of women have changed dramatically. Since the 1950’s, women have slowly but surely evolved into the individuals one sees today in public offices, law firms or even the five o’ clock news. However, this evolution did not occur over night. Although women in the 1950’s and today have dealt with similar stereotypes, today life has greatly improved because women aren’t as pressured to get married, are taken more seriously in the business world, and are even making as much or more money as men.One reason daily life has greatly improved for women today is because women aren’t as pressured to get married now. In the 1950’s most women married after high school and fell into their traditional roles right away. The U. S. marriage rate was at an all-time high and couples were tying the knot, on average, younger than ever before. Getting married right out of high school or while in college was considered the norm. Now, studies show American women are waiting longer than ever to get married. The average age at first marriage hit a record high of 24. years old in 1994, up from 20 years old in the mid 1950’s. That’s the oldest age since the Census Bureau started asking about the age at marriage in 1890. There are also many changes in today’s families; fewer women staying at home, fewer children born to families, and more women in college. Now men are able to stay home with the kids and become a â€Å"stay-at-home dad† while the woman â€Å"brings home the bacon†. Secondly, life has improved for women today because now women are taken more seriously in the business world.In the 1950's, the fact that a woman was even attending college was uncanny and paranormal, and the few brave women that chose to learn further were not taught mathematics and science (fields they were later going to succeed in) but home economics and cooking. Additionally, during the 1950’s, because housekeeping and raising a family were considered ideal female roles, only two out of five women with husbands and school-age children worked outside the home. In today’s world women account for 55% of all college students and 60% of women work outside the home as opposed to 34% in 1950.There are even 1. 6 million women as military veterans; another 164,000 currently serve in the military (accomplishments that would otherwise have been considered bizarre). Lastly, daily life has improved for women today because today women are making as much or more money as men. In the 1950’s some women worked the same jobs that men did, however, they got less pay and fewer opportunities. At that time, young women typically made about 58 cents to every dollar a young man made, today its 82 cents and rising.Nowadays, there are also many changes in job compensation including some women executives making almost 15% more than their male counterparts. Furthermore, a dual income is a neces sity due to a collapsing economy and now families need a woman’s income for financial support. It’s apparent that women's roles have drastically changed in the last sixty years. Women have gone from being Suzie Homemaker or June Cleaver to strong feminists like Hillary Clinton or Gloria Stinen. Women have been able to make a difference in the world.They've been able to do more than just make an imprint in their children's lives. They've become hard workers, strong leaders, achievers, and providers. Women have come a long way since the 50’s but there is still so much more to go. Thanks to the advancement of women, America is now beginning to have a better way of life where competence is not measured by our sex but by the skills we possess. Women of the 1950’s and Today By Kimberly Real Compare and Contrast Essay English 096-CW7 October 22, 2010 Instructor: Professor Finnell

Sony 4ps

SONY PRODUCT SONY has produced a lot of various varieties of portable audio whose main target are the youth of the new generation. The sub-categories of these portable audio produced by SONY are: †¢ Walkman mp3 series †¢ CD Walkman series †¢ CD/Radio/Cassette player †¢ Radio †¢ Voice recorder †¢ Audio Accessories PROMOTION The major elements of promotion mix include advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, direct marketing, and publicity.Advertising is any paid form of non-personal mass communication through various media to present and promote product, services and ideas etc. by an identified sponsor. So far, SONY has advertised its products through many different ways and media. Through TV we have seen different advertisements of its products, SNOY also advertise its products by targeting those favorable programs, like sports, series and also it has its own channel called SONY TV channel. SONY uses some events like MISS INDIA 2008 to promote its products.SONY also uses direct-response advertising. This is type of advertising that encourages the consumer to respond either by providing feedback to the advertiser or placing the order with the advertiser either by telephone, mail or internet. Such advertising is done through direct mail or catalogues. SONY incorporates co-operative advertising in its advertising process. SONY Corporation provides the dealers with the materials and guidelines to develop ads for print, television or radio commercials.This ensures that messages are in line with, what the manufacture wants to communicate. The company and the dealers usually share the media costs and hence, the name ‘co-operative advertising’. Sales promotion is a marketing discipline that utilizes a variety of incentives techniques to structure sales-related programs targeted to customers, trade and/or sales levels that generate a specific, measurable action or response for a product or service. Sales promotion for ex ample includes free samples, discount, rebates, coupons, ontents and sweepstakes, premiums, scratch cards, exchange offers, early bird prizes, etc. Public relations is a broad set of communication activities employed to create and maintain favorable relationship with employees, shareholders, suppliers, media, educators, potential investors, financial institutions, government agencies and officials and society in general. Through its website, Sony Corporation has its provided contacts for those customers who will be in need of any information from the company.In this way SONY can create a mutual relationship with its customers and ensure that it serves the wishes and demands of its customers. PRICE Pricing decisions are almost always made in consultation with marketing management. Price is the only marketing mix variable that can be altered quickly. Price variables such as dealer price, retail price, discounts, allowances, credit terms etc, influence the development of marketing stra tegy, as price is a major factor that influences the assessment of value obtained by customers.Customers directly relate price to quality, particularly in case of products that are ego intensive of technology bases. Sony being a company which emphasizes product quality, it tends to sell its products with price range from moderately-high to high-prices, depending on the use and the targeted customers. PLACE Decisions with respect to distribution channel focus on making the product available in adequate quantities at places where customers are normally expected to shop for them to satisfy their needs.Depending on the nature of the product, marketing management decides to put into place an exclusive, selective or intensive network of distribution, while selecting the appropriate dealers or wholesalers. Sony being the company with positions itself as a seller of durable and high-end products, it is practicing selective distribution of its products from the selective dealer i. e. SONY Wo rld. Sony distributes its products in various channels. It uses Zero-level channel, one level channel and two-level channel. [pic]